Regional Stock Reports

A debt security issued by a corporation and sold to investors, known as corporate bonds. It is an essential tool for market borrowing. This is the type of tape, a company would issue to raise funds to expand its business. In most cases, the company should use its physical assets as collateral for bail.

These debt instruments usually have a maturity date of at least a year after their issue. Corporate bonds with a shorter maturity date are called Commercial papers.

Investing in the debt market is a little more complex than investing in stocks. Bonds are generally traded in a market full of experts and insiders. This means that the bond market is not an easy market for small investors.

the bond market and the company has two different levels, primary and secondary markets. The main market area is a newly issued securities. When the company first decided to sell bonds to raise capital, has been negotiating with investment banks and other institutional investors on the bond market.

The pricing of the issues are comparable to Initial Public Offerings of stock. The price of the new issue is known as the ‘offering price’. However for a small investor to obtain a primary bond offering is quite difficult unless he has insider information.

The secondary market is where the bonds are traded after the initial offering. This market is open to small investors. Trades are mostly conducted on closed bond-trading systems or on the phone. A small investor can participate in this market via a broker.

When you buy bonds on the secondary market, the small investor to do everything possible to ensure that the price of qualifying. This is because bond prices is not so easy to follow and understand. Investors should consider the "block" or "spread" of the bond by looking at recent sales of bonds.

The “mark up” or “spread” is the difference between what the bond broker paid for the bond and the selling price. It is built into the price of the bond which is why it is difficult to tell how much the bond salesman is profiting from the sale. Recently however SEBI has introduced guidelines to make the trade of corporate bonds easier.

There are a number of benefits to buying Corporate bonds. They offer higher yields as compared to government bonds of the same maturity. They also offer the investor a steady income while preserving the principal.

Corporate bonds offer the investor the opportunity to diversify their portfolio by investing in a variety of investments. The corporate bond market are very large and liquid bonds can be easily changed. This makes them more marketable.

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A debt market is a financial market where investors buy and sell bonds. This trade is mostly in the form of bonds. In a growing economy and debt markets in India are an important source of funding. The debt market in India is considered one of the largest in Asia. It is also considered as a substitute for banking channels for funding.

The debt instruments of the Indian debt market are distinguished by the fact that their return is fixed. This makes the returns almost risk free for investors. The return on the bond is termed as the ‘coupon rate’ or the ‘interest rate’. This therefore implies that the buyer of the bond gives the seller a loan at a fixed interest rate.

The Indian debt market can broadly be classified into two major categories- Government Securities Market (G-Sec Market) and Bond Market. The G-Sec Market consists of state and central government securities. Government Securities are mostly interest bearing dated securities issued by RBI on behalf of the Government of India.

These securities are issued by the government to raise a public loan or notification in the Official Journal. These bonds of law, bearer bonds, shares or bonds held in Bond Ledger Account. They may be in the form of treasury bills or bonds dated.

Government securities are issued to the investor at face value and imply no default risk as the securities carry sovereign guarantee. They also offer ample liquidity to the investor as he can sell the security in the secondary market. They are also preferred due to the fact that they entail no tax deduction at the source and can be redeemed at face value on maturity.

The Bond market consists of bonds issued by financial institutions, Corporate bonds and debentures and Public Sector Units. These are issued in order to meet financial requirements at a fixed cost. They thus remove uncertainty with regards to financial costs. The bond market in India plays an important role in fund raising for developmental ventures. Bonds are issued and sold to the public for funds.

There are many different markets in interest rates Indian Corporate Bond Market, the market for municipal bonds, government and agency bonds, the financing of bonds and mortgage bonds and responsibilities for the safety of the bond market.

The Bond market is very advantageous to invest in, however there are some disadvantages associated with it. The returns maybe risk-free but are not as high as the returns from the equities market. This means that the investor is assured returns but the returns are less. Also the retail debt market in Indian is not very well developed yet so retail participation is fairly less.

The various debt instruments that can be found on the Indian debt market are Government Securities, Corporate Bonds, Certificate of Deposit, Commercial papers, etc

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In the current world economic situation is difficult person to go to another country to work. Air transport is cheap compared to previous years. This allows people to move to another country to return if necessary.

Even telecommunications have advanced so much that one need not go through as much trouble as before to keep in touch with one’s friends and family at home. With this changing world culture, there are a number of Indians who have settled abroad.

Most of these Non Resident Indians do quite well financially as they are well trained professionals. Some of them do dabble in investments in the country that they reside in, but there is always the obligation to invest in one’s country of origin.

NRI investments in the Indian market was not allowed until recently when the Indian government has realized its value. These investments are necessary to stabilize the economy very stable. increasingly interested in investing in India because of the potential of the Indian economy NRI liberal.

There are various rules and regulations as defined by FEMA and SEBI for NRI investments in India. All NRI accounts and trades are regularly monitored by SEBI as well as the RBI. And violations of the FEMA guidelines call for strict action taken against the violator.

In order for a Non Resident Indian to trade in the Indian Market he/she must first open a Bank account with a Portfolio Investment Scheme (PIS) at a Designated Bank. He should then open a DeMat account with a depository participant in order to hold his shares.

A dematerialized account is one that allows the investor to buy, sell as well as transact without the need of any paperwork. DeMat accounts are convenient and secure.

After opening a DeMat account, the investor must register an account with a broker or an online trading portal. There are many such online trading portals in India that offer assistance to NRI’s for their trading purposes.

After this the investor can make the investments that he/she wishes to make. NRI’s are permitted to trade in shares and securities on the Indian Market which are regulated by the RBI. They are allowed to invest in government securities, mutual fund units of UTI and National Savings Certificates (NSC’s). These securities can be sold freely to NRI’s or through authorized dealers.

In addition to these investments, NRI’s can also make investments in companies engaged in real estate development in India. They can invest up to 100% in the new issue of equity shares/convertible debentures of Indian companies involved in manufacture of building material, financing of housing development, development of township and even infrastructure funds.

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A Non Resident Indian is a person of Indian origin who has migrated to another country. It could also be a person who is of Indian origin but was born in another country or permanently resides outside of India. The term NRI normally refers to the tax status of a person.

It is quite evident that India is set to become an economic superpower in the years to come. And the Indian share market is becoming a hot destination for foreign investment because of its liberal economic policies, ever growing GDP and relatively less competition.

NRI investment was a step taken by the Indian government in order to help stabilize the economy and to encourage foreign investment in India. The Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 provided the rules for NRI’s to be eligible to invest in India.

The rules state that the person residing outside India or who have a job outside is eligible to invest. People who are Indian passport, if not a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh can also be placed. People whose parents or grandparents were citizens of the country are also eligible to invest in India.

NRI’s have been permitted to hold bank accounts in Indian banks for a while now but are now permitted to make investments in shares and securities. NRIs are permitted to make direct investments in proprietary/partnership concerns in India as also in shares/debentures of Indian companies. They are also permitted to make portfolio investments i.e. purchase of shares/debentures of Indian companies through stock exchanges in India.

However there are a number of guidelines for NRI’s that wish to make investments. An NRI is only allowed to deal with one bank at any point of time. They can only trade in delivery-based transactions as Intra-day trading is not allowed for NRI’s. Buy today sell Tomorrow (BTST) which is provided by a number of Indian Investment vehicles is not permitted for NRI’s.

NRIs are also required to have 100% of funds at the time of purchase of shares. In the same way as they are required to have 100% of available stocks, while the sale. Short selling is not allowed. They are also required to pay bills at bill and no adjustment to the purchase of the sale is authorized.

All NRI Accounts are controlled by both Securities and Exchanges Board of India (SEBI) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Very serious action is taken against violations of the regulations.

Online Trading has made it easier for NRI’s to trade in the Indian Market as almost all of the registered brokers offer these facilities. In order for a non resident to trade online he/she must have /open a bank account with a Portfolio Investment Scheme (PIS). They must also open a demat account as well as a broking account with a broker.

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The Foreign Exchange (forex) market is a worldwide financial market within which currencies are traded. A vast range of buyers and sellers trade these currencies with the aid of Financial centers. Trading occurs around the clock except on weekends. The relative values of different currencies are determined by the foreign exchange market.

The forex market allows organizations to convert currencies thereby playing a large role in the facilitation of international trade and investment. A typical forex transaction occurs when one party purchases a certain amount of one currency by paying in another currency.

This market is unique as compared to other such financial markets owing to its large trading volume which results in very high liquidity. It is also advantageous due to its geographical dispersion as well as its continuous operation.

The foreign exchange market is the most liquid market as well as the largest as compared to other financial markets. Forex is traded between large banks, central banks, corporations, currency speculators, governments and other financial institutions.

There are a number of financial instruments that facilitate trading in the foreign exchange market. These include Spot transactions, foreign exchange swaps, forward contracts, currency futures, and foreign exchange options.

A spot transaction is a two-day delivery transaction. It involves a direct exchange between two currencies. This trade is made with cash rather than a contract and the interest is not included in the transaction already agreed upon.

A futures contract is similar to a futures contract where the transaction does not occur physically after the agreed date in the future. When the buyer and seller agree on a date agreed rental market interest rate on the day did not affect the transaction. Trade can take place within a day or even several years later.

The currency swap is the most common instrument for a foreign exchange trade. In this transaction, two parties exchange currencies for a certain amount of time and then reverse the transaction at a set date later on. Swaps are not traded through an exchange.

Currency futures are traded on specifically created exchanges. They are exchange traded forward transactions that have standard contract sizes and maturity dates. The average length of a futures contract is around three months. These contracts usually include interest amounts.

Derivative where the owner has the right but not the obligation to exchange money from one currency to another currency at a predetermined price on a given day has the possibility of forex. Alternatives to the money market is more liquid and larger than other options.

The Foreign Exchange market in India is regulated by the Foreign Exchange Management Acct, 1999 (FEMA) . The Forex Market in India is growing in both volume and depth since the Indian Rupee was first traded in 1994.

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Liquidity is a term often used for investment. The importance of the expression can be very difficult for the ordinary investor to understand. Liquidity can be defined as the degree to which an asset or security can be bought or sold on the market without affecting the asset price. The most common liquid asset is money.

In a liquid market there are ready and willing buyers and sellers at all times. If there are large quantities of willing buyers and sellers then the market may be considered as deeply liquid. The frequency with which a product is bought and sold is called its volume. The liquidity of a product is measured by its volume.

An asset may not have the ability to be readily sold due to the lack of a market for trading or other reasons. Such an asset is called an illiquid asset. A big amount of stock whose sale will affect the market value is an example of an illiquid asset.

The main contributors to the liquidity of a market or an asset are speculators and market makers. They try to take advantage of anticipated changes in market prices. Such persons or institutions provide the capital necessary to provide liquidity.

Liquidity risk is financial risk due to uncertain liquidity. It is the risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded soon enough in the market to prevent a loss or make the required profit. Such a risk arises when an individual wants to trade an asset but cannot do so because there is no interest in the market. Such a risk is found mostly in emerging markets.

Liquidity risk may also refer to how quick a company can convert its assets like property and stock investments into cash.

Individual investors can rely on cash for their livelihood. If the size of the portfolio of an investor in stocks, he depends on to sell these stocks, cash flows so that. When it comes time to sell securities, it is possible that financial markets may be going through a recession. This leaves the investor with little or no liquidity. Here is the liquidity risk lies.

Liquidity risk has a tendency to compound market, credit and other risks. Therefore it is not possible to completely isolate. It is not possible to comprehensively measure this kind of risk, but it can be assessed through certain techniques of asset-liability management.

A simple test is to examine the future cash flows on a daily basis. Every day is a large negative net cash flow is a concern. scenario analysis can also be used in evaluating the liquidity risk of the organization.

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